##实验任务1
##代码
#pragma once#include <string>// 类T: 声明 class T { // 对象属性、方法 public:T(int x = 0, int y = 0); // 普通构造函数T(const T &t); // 复制构造函数T(T &&t); // 移动构造函数~T(); // 析构函数void adjust(int ratio); // 按系数成倍调整数据void display() const; // 以(m1, m2)形式显示T类对象信息private:int m1, m2;// 类属性、方法 public:static int get_cnt(); // 显示当前T类对象总数public:static const std::string doc; // 类T的描述信息static const int max_cnt; // 类T对象上限private:static int cnt; // 当前T类对象数目// 类T友元函数声明
#include "Fraction.h" #include <iostream>// 初始化类属性 const std::string Fraction::doc = "Fraction类 v0.01版.\n目前仅支持分数对象的构造、输出、加/减/乘/除运算.";// 构造函数 Fraction::Fraction(int up, int down) : up(up), down(down) {if (down == 0) {std::cerr << "分母不能为0" << std::endl;// 分母为0时,默认初始化为0/1this->up = 0;this->down = 1;} else {simplify();} }// 拷贝构造函数 Fraction::Fraction(const Fraction& other) : up(other.up), down(other.down) {}// 获取分子 int Fraction::get_up() const {return up; }// 获取分母 int Fraction::get_down() const {return down; }// 求负 Fraction Fraction::negative() const {return Fraction(-up, down); }// 化简分数 void Fraction::simplify() {if (up == 0) {down = 1;return;}int sign = 1;if (up < 0) {sign *= -1;up = -up;}if (down < 0) {sign *= -1;down = -down;}int g = gcd(up, down);up = sign * (up / g);down = down / g; }// 求最大公约数 int Fraction::gcd(int a, int b) {return b == 0 ? a : gcd(b, a % b); }// 输出分数 void output(const Fraction& frac) {if (frac.down == 1) {std::cout << frac.up;} else {std::cout << frac.up << "/" << frac.down;} }// 分数相加 Fraction add(const Fraction& f1, const Fraction& f2) {int up = f1.up * f2.down + f2.up * f1.down;int down = f1.down * f2.down;Fraction result(up, down);result.simplify();return result; }// 分数相减 Fraction sub(const Fraction& f1, const Fraction& f2) {int up = f1.up * f2.down - f2.up * f1.down;int down = f1.down * f2.down;Fraction result(up, down);result.simplify();return result; }// 分数相乘 Fraction mul(const Fraction& f1, const Fraction& f2) {int up = f1.up * f2.up;int down = f1.down * f2.down;Fraction result(up, down);result.simplify();return result; }// 分数相除 Fraction div(const Fraction& f1, const Fraction& f2) {if (f2.up == 0) {std::cerr << "分母不能为0" << std::endl;return Fraction(0, 1);}int up = f1.up * f2.down;int down = f1.down * f2.up;Fraction result(up, down);result.simplify();return result; }
#include "Fraction.h" #include <iostream>void test1(); void test2();int main() {std::cout << "测试1: Fraction类基础功能测试\n";test1();std::cout << "\n测试2: 分母为0测试: \n";test2();return 0; }void test1() {using std::cout;using std::endl;cout << "Fraction类测试: " << endl;cout << Fraction::doc << endl << endl;Fraction f1(5);Fraction f2(3, -4), f3(-18, 12);Fraction f4(f3);cout << "f1 = "; output(f1); cout << endl;cout << "f2 = "; output(f2); cout << endl;cout << "f3 = "; output(f3); cout << endl;cout << "f4 = "; output(f4); cout << endl;const Fraction f5(f4.negative());cout << "f5 = "; output(f5); cout << endl;cout << "f5.get_up() = " << f5.get_up()<< ", f5.get_down() = " << f5.get_down() << endl;cout << "f1 + f2 = "; output(add(f1, f2)); cout << endl;cout << "f1 - f2 = "; output(sub(f1, f2)); cout << endl;cout << "f1 * f2 = "; output(mul(f1, f2)); cout << endl;cout << "f1 / f2 = "; output(div(f1, f2)); cout << endl;cout << "f4 + f5 = "; output(add(f4, f5)); cout << endl; }void test2() {using std::cout;using std::endl;Fraction f6(42, 55), f7(0, 3);cout << "f6 = "; output(f6); cout << endl;cout << "f7 = "; output(f7); cout << endl;cout << "f6 / f7 = "; output(div(f6, f7)); cout << endl; }
friend void func(); };// 普通函数声明 void func();
#include "T.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <string>// 类T实现// static成员数据类外初始化
const std::string T::doc{"a simple class sample"};
const int T::max_cnt = 999;
int T::cnt = 0;// 类方法
int T::get_cnt() {return cnt;
}// 对象方法
T::T(int x, int y): m1{x}, m2{y} {++cnt;std::cout << "T constructor called.\n";
}T::T(const T &t): m1{t.m1}, m2{t.m2} {++cnt;std::cout << "T copy constructor called.\n";
}T::T(T &&t): m1{t.m1}, m2{t.m2} {++cnt;std::cout << "T move constructor called.\n";
}T::~T() {--cnt;std::cout << "T destructor called.\n";
}void T::adjust(int ratio) {m1 *= ratio;m2 *= ratio;
}void T::display() const {std::cout << "(" << m1 << ", " << m2 << ")" ;
}// 普通函数实现
void func() {T t5(42);t5.m2 = 2049;std::cout << "t5 = "; t5.display(); std::cout << '\n';
}
##task1.cpp
#include "T.h"
#include <iostream>void test_T();int main() {std::cout << "test Class T: \n";test_T();std::cout << "\ntest friend func: \n";func();
}void test_T() {using std::cout;using std::endl;cout << "T info: " << T::doc << endl;cout << "T objects'max count: " << T::max_cnt << endl;cout << "T objects'current count: " << T::get_cnt() << endl << endl;T t1;cout << "t1 = "; t1.display(); cout << endl;T t2(3, 4);cout << "t2 = "; t2.display(); cout << endl;T t3(t2);t3.adjust(2);cout << "t3 = "; t3.display(); cout << endl;T t4(std::move(t2));cout << "t4 = "; t4.display(); cout << endl;cout << "test: T objects'current count: " << T::get_cnt() << endl;
}

1.YES
2.
普通构造函数 功能:初始化对象的数据成员 调用时机:创建新对象时
复制构造函数 功能:通过拷贝另一个同类对象来初始化新对象 调用时机:用已有对象初始化新对象时 对象作为值参数传递给函数时
移动构造函数 功能调用时机用:高效转移资源,右值(临时对象)初始化新对象时。
3.能正确编译。
##实验任务2
##代码
##Complex.h
#ifndef COMPLEX_H #define COMPLEX_H#include <string>class Complex { public:static const std::string doc; // 类说明文档// 构造函数Complex(); // 默认构造函数,创建0+0iComplex(double real); // 用实部创建复数,虚部为0Complex(double real, double imag); // 用实部和虚部创建复数Complex(const Complex& other); // 拷贝构造函数// 成员函数double get_real() const; // 获取实部double get_imag() const; // 获取虚部void add(const Complex& other); // 复数加法,相当于+=// 友元函数friend void output(const Complex& c); // 输出复数friend double abs(const Complex& c); // 取模friend Complex add(const Complex& c1, const Complex& c2); // 复数相加friend bool is_equal(const Complex& c1, const Complex& c2); // 判断相等friend bool is_not_equal(const Complex& c1, const Complex& c2); // 判断不等private:double real_; // 实部double imag_; // 虚部 };#endif // COMPLEX_H
##task2.cpp
#include "Complex.h" #include <iostream> #include <iomanip> #include <complex>using namespace std;void test_Complex(); void test_std_complex();int main() {cout << "*******测试1: 自定义类Complex*******\n";test_Complex();cout << "\n*******测试2: 标准库模板类complex*******\n";test_std_complex();return 0; }void test_Complex() {using std::cout;using std::endl;using std::boolalpha;cout << "类成员测试: " << endl;cout << Complex::doc << endl << endl;cout << "Complex对象测试: " << endl;Complex c1;Complex c2(3, -4);Complex c3(c2);Complex c4 = c2;const Complex c5(3.5);cout << "c1 = "; output(c1); cout << endl;cout << "c2 = "; output(c2); cout << endl;cout << "c3 = "; output(c3); cout << endl;cout << "c4 = "; output(c4); cout << endl;cout << "c5.real = " << c5.get_real()<< ", c5.imag = " << c5.get_imag() << endl << endl;cout << "复数运算测试: " << endl;cout << "abs(c2) = " << abs(c2) << endl;c1.add(c2);cout << "c1 += c2, c1 = "; output(c1); cout << endl;cout << boolalpha;cout << "c1 == c2 : " << is_equal(c1, c2) << endl;cout << "c1 != c2 : " << is_not_equal(c1, c2) << endl;c4 = add(c2, c3);cout << "c4 = c2 + c3, c4 = "; output(c4); cout << endl; }void test_std_complex() {using std::cout;using std::endl;using std::boolalpha;cout << "std::complex<double>对象测试: " << endl;std::complex<double> c1;std::complex<double> c2(3, -4);std::complex<double> c3(c2);std::complex<double> c4 = c2;const std::complex<double> c5(3.5);cout << "c1 = " << c1 << endl;cout << "c2 = " << c2 << endl;cout << "c3 = " << c3 << endl;cout << "c4 = " << c4 << endl;cout << "c5.real = " << c5.real()<< ", c5.imag = " << c5.imag() << endl << endl;cout << "复数运算测试: " << endl;cout << "abs(c2) = " << abs(c2) << endl;c1 += c2;cout << "c1 += c2, c1 = " << c1 << endl;cout << boolalpha;cout << "c1 == c2 : " << (c1 == c2) << endl;cout << "c1 != c2 : " << (c1 != c2) << endl;c4 = c2 + c3;cout << "c4 = c2 + c3, c4 = " << c4 << endl; }

标准库模板类complex明显更简洁,标准库使用自然的数学运算符,自定义类complex需要专门的输出函数;
函数和运算在功能上是完全等价的,只是标准库的写法更接近数学表达式,直观易懂,标准库的设计通过运算符重载实现了更优雅的语法。
##问题2
2.1是,列如,如果仅通过 get_real()和 get_imag()获取数据,output()需要额外逻辑拼接字符串,不如直接访问私有变量高效,如果不直接访问私有数据,可能会导致性能损失,代码冗余,封装性降低等,因此,友元函数是合理的设计选择。
2.2标准库 std::complex没有将 abs()设为友元函数,std::abs(std::complex)是独立函数,它不依赖友元访问 std::complex的私有数据,而是通过 real()和 imag()这两个公共成员函数获取实部和虚部。
2.3需要访问私有数据,但无法通过公有接口高校实现;需要支持运算符重载,但运算符函数不能是成员。
##问题3
Complex c4 = c2是拷贝初始化,如果编译失败,那么使用直接初始化Complex c3(c2)。
##实验任务3
##代码
#pragma once #include <string> enum class ControlType {Play, Pause, Next, Prev, Stop, Unknown}; class PlayerControl { public:PlayerControl();ControlType parse(const std::string& control_str); // 实现std::string --> ControlType转换void execute(ControlType cmd) const; // 执行控制操作(以打印输出模拟)static int get_cnt(); private:static int total_cnt; };
#include "PlayerControl.h" #include <iostream> #include <algorithm> #include <cctype>int PlayerControl::total_cnt = 0;PlayerControl::PlayerControl() {}ControlType PlayerControl::parse(const std::string& control_str) {// 1. 将输入字符串转为小写(实现大小写不敏感)std::string lower_str = control_str;std::transform(lower_str.begin(), lower_str.end(), lower_str.begin(),[](unsigned char c) { return std::tolower(c); });// 2. 匹配命令并返回对应枚举ControlType cmd = ControlType::Unknown;if (lower_str == "play") {cmd = ControlType::Play;} else if (lower_str == "pause") {cmd = ControlType::Pause;} else if (lower_str == "next") {cmd = ControlType::Next;} else if (lower_str == "prev") {cmd = ControlType::Prev;} else if (lower_str == "stop") {cmd = ControlType::Stop;}// 3. 成功匹配时,递增总操作次数if (cmd != ControlType::Unknown) {total_cnt++;}return cmd; }void PlayerControl::execute(ControlType cmd) const {switch (cmd) {case ControlType::Play:std::cout << "[play] Playing music...\n";break;case ControlType::Pause:std::cout << "[Pause] Music paused\n";break;case ControlType::Next:std::cout << "[Next] Skipping to next track\n";break;case ControlType::Prev:std::cout << "[Prev] Back to previous track\n";break;case ControlType::Stop:std::cout << "[Stop] Music stopped\n";break;default:std::cout << "[Error] unknown control\n";break;} }int PlayerControl::get_cnt() {return total_cnt; }
#include "PlayerControl.h" #include <iostream> void test() {PlayerControl controller;std::string control_str;std::cout << "Enter Control: (play/pause/next/prev/stop/quit):\n";while(std::cin >> control_str) {if(control_str == "quit") break;ControlType cmd = controller.parse(control_str); controller.execute(cmd);std::cout << "Current Player control: " << PlayerControl::get_cnt() << "\n\n";} } int main(){test(); }
##运行结果

##实验任务4
##代码
##Fraction.h
#ifndef FRACTION_H #define FRACTION_H#include <string>class Fraction { public:// 类属性,用于类说明static const std::string doc;// 构造函数Fraction(int up = 0, int down = 1);Fraction(const Fraction& other);// 接口int get_up() const;int get_down() const;Fraction negative() const;// 友元函数声明(工具函数)friend void output(const Fraction& frac);friend Fraction add(const Fraction& f1, const Fraction& f2);friend Fraction sub(const Fraction& f1, const Fraction& f2);friend Fraction mul(const Fraction& f1, const Fraction& f2);friend Fraction div(const Fraction& f1, const Fraction& f2);private:// 对象属性:分子和分母int up;int down;// 内部工具函数:化简分数void simplify();// 内部工具函数:求最大公约数int gcd(int a, int b); };#endif // FRACTION_H

友元函数.友元函数可以直接访问分子分母这些私有成员,无需通过类的接口间接获取;静态成员函数需要通过类名或对象来调用,而不能直接访问私有成员;命名空间方案的自由函数也无法直接访问类的私有成员,必须通过类提供的公有接口来获取分子分母;