Flask的核心知识点如下

news/2025/11/9 13:20:23/文章来源:https://www.cnblogs.com/sf2aa/p/19204162

1. 简介与特点

微框架： 核心简单，高度可扩展，不强制使用特定工具或库。
优点：
- 学习曲线平缓： 易于上手，适合小型项目和快速开发。
- 灵活性高： 开发者可以自由选择组件和技术栈。
- 社区活跃： 拥有丰富的第三方扩展和活跃的社区支持。
- 适用于API开发： 轻量级使其非常适合构建 RESTful API。
缺点：
- 功能较少： 核心功能仅包含请求分发和模板渲染，其他需自行集成。
- 不适合大型项目？： 对于非常大型、复杂且有明确规范的项目，可能需要更多约定和内置功能的框架（如 Django）。

2. 基本应用结构

一个最简单的 Flask 应用：

from flask import Flask# 1. 创建 Flask 应用实例
app = Flask(__name__)# 2. 路由定义 (URL 映射到视图函数)
@app.route('/')
def hello_world():return 'Hello, World!'# 3. 运行应用
if __name__ == '__main__':# 开启调试模式，代码修改后自动重启，并提供交互式调试器app.run(debug=True)

3. 核心概念

Flask 实例 (app = Flask(__name__))
- Flask 类是所有 Flask 应用的入口。
- __name__ 参数是当前模块的名称，Flask 用它来定位资源（如模板、静态文件）。
路由 (Routing)
- 使用 @app.route(rule, options) 装饰器将 URL 路径与视图函数关联起来。
- rule: URL 规则字符串，支持变量。
- URL 变量： <variable_name> 用于捕获 URL 中的值。
  - @app.route('/user/<username>')
  - @app.route('/post/<int:post_id>') (指定类型，如 string, int, float, path, uuid)
- HTTP 方法限制： methods=['GET', 'POST']
  - @app.route('/submit', methods=['POST'])
- URL 反转： url_for() 函数根据视图函数名和参数生成 URL。
  - url_for('hello_world') -> /
  - url_for('get_user', username='alice') -> /user/alice
  - 用于避免硬编码 URL，方便修改和维护。
请求上下文 (Request Context)
- 在每次请求到达时创建，包含请求相关的所有信息。
- request 对象： 包含客户端发送的所有数据。
  - request.method: 请求方法 (GET, POST等)
  - request.args: GET 请求的查询参数 (ImmutableMultiDict)
  - request.form: POST 请求的表单数据 (ImmutableMultiDict)
  - request.json: POST 请求的 JSON 数据 (如果Content-Type是application/json)
  - request.headers: 请求头
  - request.cookies: 客户端的 Cookie
  - request.files: 上传的文件
  - request.path, request.url, request.base_url 等
- session 对象： 用户会话信息，用于在请求之间存储数据。
  - 需要设置 app.secret_key 来加密会话数据。
  - session['user_id'] = 1
应用上下文 (Application Context)
- 在应用启动时创建，包含应用相关的配置信息。
- current_app 对象： 代理当前的 Flask 应用实例。
响应 (Response)
- 视图函数可以返回：
  - 字符串： Flask 会自动将其包装为 Response 对象，Content-Type为 text/html。
  - 元组： (response, status_code, headers)
    - return 'Error!', 400
    - return 'Custom Header', 200, {'X-My-Header': 'Hello'}
  - Response 对象： make_response() 函数创建。
  - jsonify()： 将 Python 字典或列表转换为 JSON 响应，并自动设置 Content-Type: application/json。

4. 模板渲染 (Templating)

Flask 默认使用 Jinja2 模板引擎。
render_template(template_name, **context)：
- 在 templates 文件夹中查找模板文件。
- template_name: 模板文件的路径（相对于 templates 文件夹）。
- **context: 传递给模板的变量。
Jinja2 语法：
- {{ variable }}: 输出变量值。
- {% statement %}: 执行控制语句（如 for 循环, if 条件）。
- {# comment #}: 注释。
- {% extends 'base.html' %}: 模板继承。
- {% block content %}{% endblock %}: 定义块。
静态文件：
- 在 static 文件夹中存放 CSS, JS, 图片等文件。
- 在模板中使用 url_for('static', filename='css/style.css') 来引用。

5. 错误处理 (Error Handling)

使用 @app.errorhandler(code_or_exception) 装饰器来注册错误处理器。
可以捕获 HTTP 状态码（如 404, 500）或特定的异常。

@app.errorhandler(404)
def page_not_found(error):return render_template('404.html'), 404@app.errorhandler(Exception) # 捕获所有未处理的异常
def handle_exception(e):# log the errorreturn 'Internal Server Error', 500

6. 调试模式 (Debug Mode)

app.run(debug=True)。
功能：
- 自动重载： 代码修改后自动重启。
- 交互式调试器： 发生错误时在浏览器中提供调试界面。
- 禁用缓存： 确保模板是最新的。
注意： 严禁在生产环境中使用 debug=True。

7. 配置 (Configuration)

app.config 对象： 存储应用配置。
设置配置：
- 直接赋值：app.config['SECRET_KEY'] = 'your_secret_key'
- from_object(): 从 Python 对象加载配置。
```
# config.py
class Config:DEBUG = FalseSECRET_KEY = 'another_secret_key'
# app.py
app.config.from_object('config.Config')
```
- from_envvar(): 从环境变量加载配置文件路径。
- from_pyfile(): 从 Python 文件加载配置。
常用配置项：
- SECRET_KEY: 用于会话加密、CSRF 保护等，非常重要。
- DEBUG: 调试模式。
- TEMPLATES_AUTO_RELOAD: 控制模板是否自动重载（默认为None，在DEBUG模式下为True）。
- MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH: 限制请求体的最大大小（用于文件上传）。

8. 蓝图 (Blueprints)

用于组织大型应用、模块化代码。
将相关的视图函数、模板、静态文件等注册到一个蓝图上，然后将蓝图注册到应用实例上。
优点：
- 模块化： 将应用拆分成更小的、可管理的组件。
- 可复用性： 蓝图可以注册到多个应用实例。
- URL 前缀： 可以为蓝图中的所有路由添加统一的 URL 前缀。
- 子域名： 蓝图可以关联到特定的子域名。

# users/views.py
from flask import Blueprintusers_bp = Blueprint('users', __name__, url_prefix='/users')@users_bp.route('/')
def index():return 'User List'@users_bp.route('/<int:user_id>')
def user_profile(user_id):return f'User ID: {user_id}'# app.py
from flask import Flask
from users.views import users_bpapp = Flask(__name__)
app.register_blueprint(users_bp) # 注册蓝图# 访问 /users/ 或 /users/123

9. Hook 函数 (钩子函数)

在请求处理的不同阶段执行特定功能的函数。
@app.before_request： 请求进入视图函数之前执行。
@app.after_request： 视图函数执行并生成响应后执行。
@app.teardown_request： 请求结束后执行，无论是否发生异常。
@app.before_first_request： 第一个请求到达时执行一次。

10. 扩展 (Extensions)

Flask 本身很精简，但有大量的第三方扩展来提供额外功能。
常见扩展：
- Flask-SQLAlchemy： ORM (对象关系映射) 库，用于数据库操作。
- Flask-Migrate： 数据库迁移工具。
- Flask-WTF： 表单处理和 CSRF 保护。
- Flask-Login： 用户会话管理和认证。
- Flask-RESTful / Flask-RESTX： 构建 RESTful API。
- Flask-Mail： 邮件发送。
- Flask-Bcrypt： 密码哈希。
- Flask-CORS： 跨域资源共享。

11. 部署 (Deployment)

开发服务器： app.run() 仅用于开发和测试。
生产环境：

需要使用生产级的 WSGI 服务器，如 Gunicorn、uWSGI。
将 Flask 应用作为 WSGI 可调用对象运行。
通常会结合 Nginx (作为反向代理和静态文件服务) 使用。

示例 (wsgi.py):

from yourapplication import app as application # 假设你的Flask应用实例叫app，在yourapplication模块中if __name__ == '__main__':application.run()

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