LinkedList剖析

第1部分 LinkedList介绍

LinkedList简介

LinkedList 是一个继承于AbstractSequentialList的双向链表。它也可以被当作堆栈、队列或双端队列进行操作。

Doubly-linked list implementation of the List and Deque interfaces. Implements all optional list operations, and permits all elements (including null).All of the operations perform as could be expected for a doubly-linked list. Operations that index into the list will traverse the list from the beginning or the end, whichever is closer to the specified index.Note that this implementation is not synchronized. If multiple threads access a linked list concurrently, and at least one of the threads modifies the list structurally, it must be synchronized externally. (A structural modification is any operation that adds or deletes one or more elements; merely setting the value of an element is not a structural modification.) This is typically accomplished by synchronizing on some object that naturally encapsulates the list. If no such object exists, the list should be "wrapped" using the Collections.synchronizedList method. This is best done at creation time, to prevent accidental unsynchronized access to the list:List list = Collections.synchronizedList(new LinkedList(...));The iterators returned by this class's iterator and listIterator methods are fail-fast: if the list is structurally modified at any time after the iterator is created, in any way except through the Iterator's own remove or add methods, the iterator will throw a ConcurrentModificationException. Thus, in the face of concurrent modification, the iterator fails quickly and cleanly, rather than risking arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior at an undetermined time in the future.Note that the fail-fast behavior of an iterator cannot be guaranteed as it is, generally speaking, impossible to make any hard guarantees in the presence of unsynchronized concurrent modification. Fail-fast iterators throw ConcurrentModificationException on a best-effort basis. Therefore, it would be wrong to write a program that depended on this exception for its correctness: the fail-fast behavior of iterators should be used only to detect bugs. 

以双向链表实现。链表无容量限制,但双向链表本身使用了更多空间,每插入一个元素都要构造一个额外的Node对象,也需要额外的链表指针操作。
按下标访问元素－get(i)、set(i,e) 要悲剧的部分遍历链表将指针移动到位 (如果i>数组大小的一半,会从末尾移起)。
插入、删除元素时修改前后节点的指针即可,不再需要复制移动。但还是要部分遍历链表的指针才能移动到下标所指的位置。
只有在链表两头的操作－add()、addFirst()、removeLast()或用iterator()上的remove()倒能省掉指针的移动。
Apache Commons 有个TreeNodeList,里面是棵二叉树,可以快速移动指针到位。

LinkedList构造函数   

/*** Constructs an empty list.*/
public LinkedList() {
}/*** Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified* collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's* iterator.** @param  c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this list* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null*/
public LinkedList(Collection<? extends E> c) {this();addAll(c);
}

看一个例子

public class Test {public static void main(String[] args) {List<String> list = new LinkedList<String>();list.add("语文: 1");list.add("数学: 2");list.add("英语: 3");}
}

结构也相对简单一些，如下图所示：

 

第2部分 LinkedList数据结构

java.lang.Object↳     java.util.AbstractCollection<E>↳     java.util.AbstractList<E>↳     java.util.AbstractSequentialList<E>↳     java.util.LinkedList<E>public class LinkedList<E>extends AbstractSequentialList<E>implements List<E>, Deque<E>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable {}

成员变量

transient int size = 0;/*** Pointer to first node.* Invariant: (first == null && last == null) ||*            (first.prev == null && first.item != null)*/
transient Node<E> first;/*** Pointer to last node.* Invariant: (first == null && last == null) ||*            (last.next == null && last.item != null)*/
transient Node<E> last;

//每一个元素节点
private static class Node<E> {E item;Node<E> next;Node<E> prev;Node(Node<E> prev, E element, Node<E> next) {this.item = element;this.next = next;this.prev = prev;}
}

第3部分 LinkedList源码api解析

LinkedList实际上是通过双向链表去实现的。既然是双向链表，那么它的顺序访问会非常高效，而随机访问效率比较低。
    既然LinkedList是通过双向链表的，但是它也实现了List接口{也就是说，它实现了get(int location)、remove(int location)等“根据索引值来获取、删除节点的函数”}。LinkedList是如何实现List的这些接口的，如何将“双向链表和索引值联系起来的”？
    实际原理非常简单，它就是通过一个计数索引值来实现的。例如，当我们调用get(int location)时，首先会比较“location”和“双向链表长度的1/2”；若前者大，则从链表头开始往后查找，直到location位置；否则，从链表末尾开始先前查找，直到location位置。
   这就是“双线链表和索引值联系起来”的方法。

3.1 add方法

/*** Appends the specified element to the end of this list.** <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #addLast}.** @param e element to be appended to this list* @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Collection#add})*/
public boolean add(E e) {linkLast(e);return true;
}
/*** Links e as last element.*/
void linkLast(E e) {final Node<E> l = last;final Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(l, e, null);last = newNode;if (l == null)first = newNode;elsel.next = newNode;size++;modCount++;
}

3.2. set和get函数

/*** Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with the* specified element.** @param index index of the element to replace* @param element element to be stored at the specified position* @return the element previously at the specified position* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}*/
public E set(int index, E element) {checkElementIndex(index);Node<E> x = node(index);E oldVal = x.item;x.item = element;return oldVal;
}
/*** Returns the element at the specified position in this list.** @param index index of the element to return* @return the element at the specified position in this list* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}*/
public E get(int index) {checkElementIndex(index);return node(index).item;
}    

private void checkElementIndex(int index) {if (!isElementIndex(index))throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
}/*** Tells if the argument is the index of an existing element.*/
private boolean isElementIndex(int index) {return index >= 0 && index < size;
}

这两个函数都调用了node函数，该函数会以O(n/2)的性能去获取一个节点，具体实现如下所示：

/*** Returns the (non-null) Node at the specified element index.*/
Node<E> node(int index) {// assert isElementIndex(index);if (index < (size >> 1)) {Node<E> x = first;for (int i = 0; i < index; i++)x = x.next;return x;} else {Node<E> x = last;for (int i = size - 1; i > index; i--)x = x.prev;return x;}
}

就是判断index是在前半区间还是后半区间，如果在前半区间就从head搜索，而在后半区间就从tail搜索。而不是一直从头到尾的搜索。如此设计，将节点访问的复杂度由O(n)变为O(n/2)。

总结：
(01) LinkedList 实际上是通过双向链表去实现的。
        它包含一个非常重要的内部类：Node。Node是双向链表节点所对应的数据结构，它包括的属性有：当前节点所包含的值，上一个节点，下一个节点。
(02) 从LinkedList的实现方式中可以发现，它不存在LinkedList容量不足的问题。
(03) LinkedList的克隆函数，即是将全部元素克隆到一个新的LinkedList对象中。
(04) 由于LinkedList实现了Deque，而Deque接口定义了在双端队列两端访问元素的方法。提供插入、移除和检查元素的方法。每种方法都存在两种形式：一种形式在操作失败时抛出异常，另一种形式返回一个特殊值（null 或 false，具体取决于操作）。
总结起来如下表格：

        第一个元素（头部）                 最后一个元素（尾部）抛出异常        特殊值            抛出异常        特殊值
插入    addFirst(e)    offerFirst(e)    addLast(e)        offerLast(e)
移除    removeFirst()  pollFirst()      removeLast()    pollLast()
检查    getFirst()     peekFirst()      getLast()        peekLast()

(05) LinkedList可以作为FIFO(先进先出)的队列，作为FIFO的队列时，下表的方法等价：

队列方法       等效方法
add(e)        addLast(e)
offer(e)      offerLast(e)
remove()      removeFirst()
poll()        pollFirst()
element()     getFirst()
peek()        peekFirst()

(06) LinkedList可以作为LIFO(后进先出)的栈，作为LIFO的栈时，下表的方法等价：

栈方法        等效方法
push(e)      addFirst(e)
pop()        removeFirst()
peek()       peekFirst()

第4部分 LinkedList遍历方式

LinkedList遍历方式

LinkedList支持多种遍历方式。建议不要采用随机访问的方式去遍历LinkedList

//不可取
for (int i = 0; i < linkList.size(); i++) {link = linkList.get(i);
}

一般使用增强的for循环(foreach)

参考：

http://www.cnblogs.com/skywang12345/p/3308807.html