1.http协议的原理

本质上http是属于应用层的通信协议,底层使用的就是tcp协议

2.QT中http协议的通信流程

2.1 方法步骤

涉及到三个类:QNetworkRequest --》 http请求QNetworkAccessManager --》管理http请求(发送http请求)QNetworkReply --》http应答
第一步：创建一个http请求 QNetworkRequest::QNetworkRequest(const QUrl &url = QUrl())参数：url --》表示网址QUrl::QUrl(const QString &url)参数：url --》要访问的网址
第二步：创建QNetworkAccessManager的对象，该对象发送刚才的请求//http中有两种常见的请求方法，分别是get/postQNetworkReply *QNetworkAccessManager::get(const QNetworkRequest &request)参数：request --》要发送的请求[signal] void QNetworkAccessManager::finished(QNetworkReply *reply)注意：如果请求成功，服务器(网址)会自动回复应答信息，程序员需要关联finished信号，在槽函数里面接收应答信息即可
第三步：在第二步定义的槽函数里面接收应答信息QByteArray QNetworkReply::readAll()

图示：

3.使用http协议（通过http下载图片和获取天气预报信息）

https和http的区别
https使用了算法安全加密

3.1 http下载网络上的图片(下载小文件)

注意：在l浏览器中下载图片时，开源右键复制图片的地址，填入时需要把https改成http

直接一次性读取服务器返回的应答信息
QPixmap map;
map.loadFromData(buf是读取的应答信息);

3.1.1 示例代码

// widget.h
#ifndef WIDGET_H
#define WIDGET_H#include <QWidget>
#include <QNetworkAccessManager>
#include <QNetworkRequest>
#include <QUrl>
#include <QNetworkReply>QT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
namespace Ui { class Widget; }
QT_END_NAMESPACEclass Widget : public QWidget
{Q_OBJECTpublic:Widget(QWidget *parent = nullptr);~Widget();private slots:void on_pushButton_clicked();void recvReply(QNetworkReply *reply);private:Ui::Widget *ui;QNetworkAccessManager *httpManager;
};
#endif // WIDGET_H// widget.cpp
#include "widget.h"
#include "ui_widget.h"Widget::Widget(QWidget *parent): QWidget(parent), ui(new Ui::Widget)
{ui->setupUi(this);// 初始化httpManager = new QNetworkAccessManager(this);// 主动关联finished信号connect(httpManager, &QNetworkAccessManager::finished, this, &Widget::recvReply);
}Widget::~Widget()
{delete ui;
}//下载图片
void Widget::on_pushButton_clicked()
{// 获取输入框中输入的图片地址QString picURL= ui->lineEdit->text();// 依据图片地址构建一个QUrl对象QUrl url(picURL);// 创建请求对象QNetworkRequest picRequest(url);//发送请求httpManager->get(picRequest);
}void Widget::recvReply(QNetworkReply *reply)
{//读取http服务器回复的应答信息//由于我这个例子是来下载网络上的图片：因此服务器回复给我就是图片数据QByteArray replyPicData = reply->readAll();//在标签上显示图片//方法1：依据图片的路径名来构造QPixmap类的对象//方法2：依据图片的原始数据来构造QPixmap类的对象(目前例子使用)QPixmap pixmap;pixmap.loadFromData(replyPicData); // 依据图片的原始数据(二进制数据)来构造QPixmap类的对象
//    pixmap.scaled(ui->label->width(), ui->label->height()); //调整图片大小ui->label->setScaledContents(true); // 允许 QLabel 自动缩放内容ui->label->setPixmap(pixmap); // 显示图像
}

3.1.2 现象

3.2 获取网络上天气预报

3.2.1 免费的天气预报接口：

网址：https://www.sojson.com/api/weather.html
打开网站后界面如下：
当需要获取某个城市天气数据json时候，需要传入一个城市代码编码作为入参，
地址： http://t.weather.itboy.net/api/weather/city/xxxxx ，其中xxxxx即为城市代码（城市代码见后面附件）。

• 例如获取广州天气：http://t.weather.itboy.net/api/weather/city/101280101

浏览器获取的天气数据:（也可勾选优质打印，输出为排版好的json格式）


或者通过json在线解析工具将其解析为json格式的数据：
json在线解析工具网址：https://www.jyshare.com/front-end/53/

• 例如获取上海天气：http://t.weather.itboy.net/api/weather/city/101020100
  

4.json数据的构成

json数据：一种数据格式，在计算机前端开发中经常使用这个格式的数据，保存信息很方便
json数据只能由数组，对象，键值对三种构成
\quad 对象：用{}来表示，可以嵌套 {键值对}
\quad 数组：用[]来表示，数组里面只能存放相同类型的数据 [1,2,3] [{},{},{}] [键值对,键值对,键值对]
\quad 键值对：用键:值表示, 键只能是字符串，值可以是任意合法类型

5.如何解析json数据

json数据在解析之前，程序员必须要提前知道json数据的构成，否则无法解析
QT提供了如下几个类帮助解析json数据：QJsonDocument --》把json数据标准化存储QJsonObject   --》对象QJsonArray    --》数组QJsonValue    --》值QJsonParseError --》保存出错信息
解析json数据的一般思路：
第一步：把json数据标准化存储[static] QJsonDocument QJsonDocument::fromJson(const QByteArray &json, QJsonParseError *error = Q_NULLPTR)返回值：QJsonDocument对象存放标准化之后的json数据参数：json --》要存储的原始json数据error --》存放出错信息
第二步：严格按照你看到的json数据的结构一步步解析json数据(从整体到局部，一层层剥洋葱)QJsonObject QJsonDocument::object() const   //获取json数据中的对象QJsonArray QJsonDocument::array() const     //获取json数据中的数组QJsonValue QJsonObject::value(const QString &key) const  //通过键得到对应的值QJsonValue QJsonArray::at(int i) const           //获取数组中的下标元素返回值：跟键对应的值参数：key --》键QJsonObject QJsonValue::toObject() const   //把键值对中的值进行转换，转换成对象总结：QJsonValue类中提供了大量的toxxxxx()方法，原因是键值对中的值可以是任意合法的数据类型，需要我们去转换        

5.1 示例代码：（代码为获取网络上的天气预报）

// widget.h
#ifndef WIDGET_H
#define WIDGET_H#include <QWidget>
#include <QNetworkAccessManager>
#include <QNetworkRequest>
#include <QUrl>
#include <QNetworkReply>
// json相关
#include <QJsonDocument>
#include <QJsonObject>
#include <QJsonArray>
#include <QJsonValue>
#include <QJsonParseError>QT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
namespace Ui { class Widget; }
QT_END_NAMESPACEclass Widget : public QWidget
{Q_OBJECTpublic:Widget(QWidget *parent = nullptr);~Widget();private slots:void on_pushButton_clicked();void recvReply(QNetworkReply *reply);private:Ui::Widget *ui;QNetworkAccessManager *httpManager;
};
#endif // WIDGET_H// widget.cpp
#include "widget.h"
#include "ui_widget.h"Widget::Widget(QWidget *parent): QWidget(parent), ui(new Ui::Widget)
{ui->setupUi(this);// 初始化httpManager = new QNetworkAccessManager(this);// 主动关联finished信号,如果应答成功会回复应答消息，在槽函数中进行接收connect(httpManager, &QNetworkAccessManager::finished, this, &Widget::recvReply);
}Widget::~Widget()
{delete ui;
}//获取天气预报
void Widget::on_pushButton_clicked()
{// 获取输入框中输入的天气预报地址// 例如获取广州的天气：http://t.weather.itboy.net/api/weather/city/101280101QString picURL= ui->lineEdit->text();// 依据天气预报地址构建一个QUrl对象QUrl url(picURL);// 创建请求对象QNetworkRequest picRequest(url);//发送输入框中对应天气预报地址的请求httpManager->get(picRequest);
}void Widget::recvReply(QNetworkReply *reply)
{//读取http服务器回复的应答信息//由于现在获取天气预报信息，因此回复给我的应答信息replyPicData里面就是天气预报信息QByteArray replyWeatherData = reply->readAll();// 在文本编辑框中显示回复的天气预报信息ui->textEdit->setText(replyWeatherData);// 第一步：把json数据标准化存储,也就是解析为json数据QJsonDocument doc = QJsonDocument::fromJson(replyWeatherData);//第二步：严格按照看到的json数据的结构一步步解析json数据(从整体到局部)//1.最外层是对象，获取这个对象里面的内容QJsonObject obj1 = doc.object();//2.获取obj1中键 data 对应的值QJsonValue val1 = obj1.value("data");// 3.val1是个对象,需要把QJsonValue val1转换成对象--》才可以调用QJsonObject类的方法QJsonObject obj2 = val1.toObject();// 4.把obj2里面的键forecast对应的值得到QJsonValue val2 = obj2.value("forecast");// 5.val2是个数组,把QJsonValue转换成数组--》才可以调用QJsonArray类的方法QJsonArray array = val2.toArray();// 6.得到数组下标为1的那个元素(其实也是个对象)QJsonValue val3 = array.at(1);// 7.val3是个对象,需要把QJsonValue转换成对象--》才可以调用QJsonObject类的方法QJsonObject obj3 = val3.toObject();// 8.把obj3里面的键high对应的值得到QJsonValue val4 = obj3.value("high");qDebug() << "high的值是:" << val4.toString();
}

5.2 现象

附件：以下是天气预报json数据获取中使用的城市代码：

{"城市代码": [{"省": "北京","市": [{"市名": "北京","编码": "101010100"},{"市名": "朝阳","编码": "101010300"},{"市名": "顺义","编码": "101010400"},{"市名": "怀柔","编码": "101010500"},{"市名": "通州","编码": "101010600"},{"市名": "昌平","编码": "101010700"},{"市名": "延庆","编码": "101010800"},{"市名": "丰台","编码": "101010900"},{"市名": "石景山","编码": "101011000"},{"市名": "大兴","编码": "101011100"},{"市名": "房山","编码": "101011200"},{"市名": "密云","编码": "101011300"},{"市名": "门头沟","编码": "101011400"},{"市名": "平谷","编码": "101011500"},{"市名": "八达岭","编码": "101011600"},{"市名": "佛爷顶","编码": "101011700"},{"市名": "汤河口","编码": "101011800"},{"市名": "密云上甸子","编码": "101011900"},{"市名": "斋堂","编码": "101012000"},{"市名": "霞云岭","编码": "101012100"},{"市名": "北京城区","编码": "101012200"},{"市名": "海淀","编码": "101010200"}]},{"省": "天津市","市": [{"市名": "天津","编码": "101030100"},{"市名": "宝坻","编码": "101030300"},{"市名": "东丽","编码": "101030400"},{"市名": "西青","编码": "101030500"},{"市名": "北辰","编码": "101030600"},{"市名": "蓟县","编码": "101031400"},{"市名": "汉沽","编码": "101030800"},{"市名": "静海","编码": "101030900"},{"市名": "津南","编码": "101031000"},{"市名": "塘沽","编码": "101031100"},{"市名": "大港","编码": "101031200"},{"市名": "武清","编码": "101030200"},{"市名": "宁河","编码": "101030700"}]},{"省": "上海","市": [{"市名": "上海","编码": "101020100"},{"市名": "宝山","编码": "101020300"},{"市名": "嘉定","编码": "101020500"},{"市名": "南汇","编码": "101020600"},{"市名": "浦东","编码": "101021300"},{"市名": "青浦","编码": "101020800"},{"市名": "松江","编码": "101020900"},{"市名": "奉贤","编码": "101021000"},{"市名": "崇明","编码": "101021100"},{"市名": "徐家汇","编码": "101021200"},{"市名": "闵行","编码": "101020200"},{"市名": "金山","编码": "101020700"}]},{"省": "河北","市": [{"市名": "石家庄","编码": "101090101"},{"市名": "张家口","编码": "101090301"},{"市名": "承德","编码": "101090402"},{"市名": "唐山","编码": "101090501"},{"市名": "秦皇岛","编码": "101091101"},{"市名": "沧州","编码": "101090701"},{"市名": "衡水","编码": "101090801"},{"市名": "邢台","编码": "101090901"},{"市名": "邯郸","编码": "101091001"},{"市名": "保定","编码": "101090201"},{"市名": "廊坊","编码": "101090601"}]},{"省": "河南","市": [{"市名": "郑州","编码": "101180101"},{"市名": "新乡","编码": "101180301"},{"市名": "许昌","编码": "101180401"},{"市名": "平顶山","编码": "101180501"},{"市名": "信阳","编码": "101180601"},{"市名": "南阳","编码": "101180701"},{"市名": "开封","编码": "101180801"},{"市名": "洛阳","编码": "101180901"},{"市名": "商丘","编码": "101181001"},{"市名": "焦作","编码": "101181101"},{"市名": "鹤壁","编码": "101181201"},{"市名": "濮阳","编码": "101181301"},{"市名": "周口","编码": "101181401"},{"市名": "漯河","编码": "101181501"},{"市名": "驻马店","编码": "101181601"},{"市名": "三门峡","编码": "101181701"},{"市名": "济源","编码": "101181801"},{"市名": "安阳","编码": "101180201"}]},{"省": "安徽","市": [{"市名": "合肥","编码": "101220101"},{"市名": "芜湖","编码": "101220301"},{"市名": "淮南","编码": "101220401"},{"市名": "马鞍山","编码": "101220501"},{"市名": "安庆","编码": "101220601"},{"市名": "宿州","编码": "101220701"},{"市名": "阜阳","编码": "101220801"},{"市名": "亳州","编码": "101220901"},{"市名": "黄山","编码": "101221001"},{"市名": "滁州","编码": "101221101"},{"市名": "淮北","编码": "101221201"},{"市名": "铜陵","编码": "101221301"},{"市名": "宣城","编码": "101221401"},{"市名": "六安","编码": "101221501"},{"市名": "巢湖","编码": "101221601"},{"市名": "池州","编码": "101221701"},{"市名": "蚌埠","编码": "101220201"}]},{"省": "浙江","市": [{"市名": "杭州","编码": "101210101"},{"市名": "舟山","编码": "101211101"},{"市名": "湖州","编码": "101210201"},{"市名": "嘉兴","编码": "101210301"},{"市名": "金华","编码": "101210901"},{"市名": "绍兴","编码": "101210501"},{"市名": "台州","编码": "101210601"},{"市名": "温州","编码": "101210701"},{"市名": "丽水","编码": "101210801"},{"市名": "衢州","编码": "101211001"},{"市名": "宁波","编码": "101210401"}]},{"省": "重庆","市": [{"市名": "重庆","编码": "101040100"},{"市名": "合川","编码": "101040300"},{"市名": "南川","编码": "101040400"},{"市名": "江津","编码": "101040500"},{"市名": "万盛","编码": "101040600"},{"市名": "渝北","编码": "101040700"},{"市名": "北碚","编码": "101040800"},{"市名": "巴南","编码": "101040900"},{"市名": "长寿","编码": "101041000"},{"市名": "黔江","编码": "101041100"},{"市名": "万州天城","编码": "101041200"},{"市名": "万州龙宝","编码": "101041300"},{"市名": "涪陵","编码": "101041400"},{"市名": "开县","编码": "101041500"},{"市名": "城口","编码": "101041600"},{"市名": "云阳","编码": "101041700"},{"市名": "巫溪","编码": "101041800"},{"市名": "奉节","编码": "101041900"},{"市名": "巫山","编码": "101042000"},{"市名": "潼南","编码": "101042100"},{"市名": "垫江","编码": "101042200"},{"市名": "梁平","编码": "101042300"},{"市名": "忠县","编码": "101042400"},{"市名": "石柱","编码": "101042500"},{"市名": "大足","编码": "101042600"},{"市名": "荣昌","编码": "101042700"},{"市名": "铜梁","编码": "101042800"},{"市名": "璧山","编码": "101042900"},{"市名": "丰都","编码": "101043000"},{"市名": "武隆","编码": "101043100"},{"市名": "彭水","编码": "101043200"},{"市名": "綦江","编码": "101043300"},{"市名": "酉阳","编码": "101043400"},{"市名": "秀山","编码": "101043600"},{"市名": "沙坪坝","编码": "101043700"},{"市名": "永川","编码": "101040200"}]},{"省": "福建","市": [{"市名": "福州","编码": "101230101"},{"市名": "泉州","编码": "101230501"},{"市名": "漳州","编码": "101230601"},{"市名": "龙岩","编码": "101230701"},{"市名": "晋江","编码": "101230509"},{"市名": "南平","编码": "101230901"},{"市名": "厦门","编码": "101230201"},{"市名": "宁德","编码": "101230301"},{"市名": "莆田","编码": "101230401"},{"市名": "三明","编码": "101230801"}]},{"省": "甘肃","市": [{"市名": "兰州","编码": "101160101"},{"市名": "平凉","编码": "101160301"},{"市名": "庆阳","编码": "101160401"},{"市名": 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