1、七层负载均衡介绍
Nginx七层负载均衡是在应用层(HTTP/HTTPS)上进行的,可以根据HTTP请求的具体内容,如URL、Cookie、Header等,来决定将请求转发到哪个后端服务器。这种方式不仅能够均衡服务器的计算负载,还能实现更复杂的路由策略,例如:
-  会话粘性(Sticky Sessions):确保用户的会话请求始终被定向到同一个后端服务器。 
-  基于内容的路由:根据请求的内容(如URL、头部信息)将请求分发到不同的服务器。 
1.1 四层与七层负载均衡的区别
1.1.1 四层负载均衡(Layer 4 Load Balancing)
-  在传输层(Transport Layer)上进行。 
-  关注网络层面的信息,如源和目标IP地址、端口号等。 
-  根据网络信息决定将数据包转发到哪个服务器。 
-  不深入检查数据包的内容。 
-  主要适用于基于TCP/UDP的流量,如HTTP和HTTPS。 
1.1.2 七层负载均衡(Layer 7 Load Balancing)
-  在应用层(Application Layer)上进行。 
-  深入检查网络流量的内容,如HTTP请求头、URL、Cookie等。 
-  根据流量内容做复杂的路由决策。 
-  可以处理多种应用层协议,不仅限于HTTP。 
1.2 七层负载均衡配置
| 服务器类型 | IP地址 | 发行版 | 
|---|---|---|
| 代理服务器(proxy) | 192.168.110.31/24 | Rocky Linux 8 | 
| 静态地址服务器(static) | 192.168.110.32/24 | Rocky Linux 8 | 
| 默认地址服务器(default) | 192.168.110.33/24 | Rocky Linux 8 | 
| 动态地址服务器(upload) | 192.168.110.34/24 | Rocky Linux 8 | 
1.2.1 后端节点配置
1.2.1.1 静态地址服务器(static)
[root@static ~]# mkdir /nginx/static
[root@static ~]# echo "This is static page IP=`hostname -I`" >> /nginx/static/index.html
[root@static ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/VirtualHost.conf
server {listen 192.168.110.32:80;server_name www.nginx,com;root /nginx;
location / {index index.html;}
}
[root@static ~]# nginx -s reload
[root@static ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@static ~]# curl 192.168.110.32/static/
This is static page IP=192.168.110.32  
1.2.1.2 默认地址服务器(default)
[root@default ~]# mkdir /nginx/default
[root@default ~]# echo "This is default page IP=`hostname -I`" >> /nginx/default/index.html
[root@default ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/VirtualHost.conf 
server {listen 192.168.110.33:80;server_name www.nginx,com;root /nginx/default;
location / {index index.html;}
}
[root@default ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@default ~]# nginx -s reload
[root@default ~]# curl 192.168.110.33/default/
This is default page IP=192.168.110.33  
1.2.1.3 动态地址服务器(upload)
[root@upload ~]# mkdir /nginx/upload
[root@upload ~]# echo "This is upload page IP=`hostname -I`" >> /nginx/upload/index.html
[root@upload ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/VirtualHost.conf 
server {listen 192.168.110.34:80;server_name www.nginx,com;root /nginx;
location / {index index.html;}
}
[root@upload ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@upload ~]# nginx -s reload
[root@upload ~]# curl 192.168.110.34/upload/
This is upload page IP=192.168.110.34  
1.2.2 代理服务器配置
[root@proxy ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/proxy.conf
upstream static_pools {server 192.168.110.32;
}
upstream default_pools {server 192.168.110.33;
}
upstream upload_pools {server 192.168.110.34;
}
server {listen 80;server_name www.nginx.com;
location /static {proxy_pass http://static_pools;proxy_set_header host $host;proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr;}
location /default {proxy_pass http://default_pools;proxy_set_header host $host;proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr;}
location /upload {proxy_pass http://upload_pools;proxy_set_header host $host;proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr;}
}
[root@proxy ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@proxy ~]# nginx -s reload 
注意:这里location的写法,这里的主要难点就在这。例如:如果站点目录写 root /nginx/ststic; 那最后访问 http://www.nginx.com/static/ 时转发路径就为http://www.nginx.com/static/static。所以写/nginx就行了
1.2.3 客户端测试访问
[root@client ~]# echo '192.168.110.31 www.nginx.com' >> /etc/hosts [root@client ~]# curl http://www.nginx.com This is default page IP=192.168.110.33 [root@client ~]# curl http://www.nginx.com/static/ This is static page IP=192.168.110.32 [root@client ~]# curl http://www.nginx.com/upload/ This is upload page IP=192.168.110.34
1.2.4 查看各节点访问日志
[root@static ~]# tail -1 /var/log/nginx/access.log 192.168.110.31 - - [21/Apr/2024:17:07:34 +0800] "GET /static/ HTTP/1.0" 200 39 "-" "curl/7.61.1" "192.168.110.35"  [root@default ~]# tail -1 /var/log/nginx/access.log 192.168.110.31 - - [21/Apr/2024:17:07:32 +0800] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 200 40 "-" "curl/7.61.1" "192.168.110.35"  [root@upload ~]# tail -1 /var/log/nginx/access.log 192.168.110.31 - - [21/Apr/2024:17:07:36 +0800] "GET /upload/ HTTP/1.0" 200 39 "-" "curl/7.61.1" "192.168.110.35"