作用域 - Scope
Scope refers to the region of a program where a variable, function, or other identifier can be accessed or referenced.

生命周期 - Lifetime (or Duration in some contexts)
Lifetime describes the period during which a variable or object exists in memory. It starts when the variable is created (allocated memory) and ends when it is destroyed (deallocated memory).

链接性 - Linkage
Linkage determines the visibility and accessibility of a variable, function, or other identifier across different parts of a program or between different translation units (such as separate source files). It can be internal (visible only within the same translation unit) or external (visible across multiple translation units).