txt如何单独单独选择一列
Prerequisite: Hashing data structure
先决条件: 哈希数据结构
单独链接 (Separate chaining)
In separate chaining, we maintain a linked chain for every index in the hash table. So whenever there is a Collison the linked list is extended for that particular location of the hash table.
在单独的链接中 ,我们为哈希表中的每个索引维护一个链接链。 因此,只要有Collison,链表都会扩展到哈希表的特定位置。
We can visualize the separate chaining method with the following example,
通过以下示例,我们可以可视化单独的链接方法:
Key set: {123, 456, 763, 656, 908, 238, 231}
Hash function: f(x) = x%10
Step 1: Inserting 123 in the hash map. So, location is 3.
步骤1:在哈希图中插入123。 因此,位置为3。
Index	keys
0	NULL
1	NULL
2	NULL
3	123->NULL
4	NULL
5	NULL
6	NULL
7	NULL
8	NULL
9	NULL
Step 2: Inserting 456 in the hash map. So, location is 3.
步骤2:在哈希图中插入456。 因此,位置为3。
Index	keys
0	NULL
1	NULL
2	NULL
3	123->NULL
4	NULL
5	NULL
6	456->NULL
7	NULL
8	NULL
9	NULL
Step 3: Inserting 763 in the hash map. So, location is 3.
步骤3:在哈希图中插入763。 因此,位置为3。
Index	keys
0	NULL
1	NULL
2	NULL
3	123->763->NULL
4	NULL
5	NULL
6	456->NULL
7	NULL
8	NULL
9	NULL
Step 4: Inserting 656 in the hash map. So, location is 6.
步骤4:在哈希图中插入656。 因此,位置为6。
Index	Keys
0	NULL
1	NULL
2	NULL
3	123->763->NULL
4	NULL
5	NULL
6	456->656->NULL
7	NULL
8	NULL
9	NULL
Step 5: Inserting 908 in the hash map. So, location is 8.
步骤5:在哈希图中插入908。 因此,位置为8。
Index	Keys
0	NULL
1	NULL
2	NULL
3	123->763->NULL
4	NULL
5	NULL
6	456->656->NULL
7	NULL
8	908->NULL
9	NULL
Step 6: Inserting 238 in the hash map. So, location is 8.
步骤6:在哈希图中插入238。 因此,位置为8。
Index	Keys
0	NULL
1	NULL
2	NULL
3	123->763->NULL
4	NULL
5	NULL
6	456->656->NULL
7	NULL
8	908->238->NULL
9	NULL
Step 7: Inserting 231 in the hash map. So, location is 8.
步骤7:在哈希图中插入231。 因此,位置为8。
Index	Keys
0	NULL
1	231->NULL
2	NULL
3	123->763->NULL
4	NULL
5	NULL
6	456->656->NULL
7	NULL
8	908->238->NULL
9	NULL
So, the above thing is called as separate chaining as we have chained the collided elements within the hash table.
因此,由于我们在哈希表中链接了冲突的元素,因此上述事情称为单独链接。
Performance analysis:
性能分析:
Load factor = n/m, 
n = number of keys inserted, 
m = number of indices in the hash table() size of hash table
Search complexity = O(load factor)
Insertion complexity = O(1)
Deletion complexity = O(load factor)
单独链接的优缺点 (Advantage and disadvantages of separate chaining)
Advantages are,
优点是
- We can add as many keys as we want to add - 我们可以添加任意数量的键 
- It's simpler than open addressing to implement - 它比开放地址更容易实现 
Disadvantages are,
缺点是
- It uses extra spaces for links - 它为链接使用多余的空间 
- If the collision rate is high, the search complexity increases as load factor increases - 如果冲突率很高,则搜索复杂度会随着负载因子的增加而增加 
单独链接的C ++实现 (C++ implementation of separate chaining)
//separate chaining
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
class node {
public:
int data;
node* next;
node()
{
data = 0;
next = NULL;
}
node(int x)
{
data = x;
next = NULL;
}
};
node* add(node* head, int data)
{
if (head == NULL) {
head = new node(data);
return head;
}
node* temp = head;
while (temp->next) {
temp = temp->next;
}
temp->next = new node(data);
return head;
}
void print(node* head)
{
if (!head) {
cout << "NULL\n";
return;
}
node* temp = head;
while (temp) {
cout << temp->data << "->";
temp = temp->next;
}
cout << "NULL\n";
}
int main()
{
//set of input numbers
vector<int> arr{ 123, 456, 763, 656, 908, 238, 231 };
//initialize the hash table
//each entry of the hash table is a linkedlist
vector<node*> hash(10); //size of hashtable is 10
//using hash function f(x)=no of digits in x
for (int a : arr) {
hash[a % 10] = add(hash[a % 10], a);
}
cout << "Hash table is:\n";
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
cout << i << "---- ";
print(hash[i]);
}
return 0;
}
Output:
输出:
Hash table is:
0---- NULL
1---- 231->NULL
2---- NULL
3---- 123->763->NULL
4---- NULL
5---- NULL
6---- 456->656->NULL
7---- NULL
8---- 908->238->NULL
9---- NULL
翻译自: https://www.includehelp.com/data-structure-tutorial/hashing-separate-chaining-for-collision-resolution.aspx
txt如何单独单独选择一列