various 和 varied

various 和 varied的意思都是“各种各样的，形形色色的”，但强调点不同：various 侧重多样性，varied 侧重与众不同。
比较：

He decided to leave school for various reasons. 出于种种原因，他决定辍学。
The responsibilities of government are many, and they are varied. 政府的职责有许多，而且是各种各样的。

Various is used for when there’s more than one thing, and these things are different in some way, it’s an adjective so it’s used to describe something.

“There were various options on the menu”

Varied is either an adjective, or the past tense of the verb “to vary”. It means there were different options or it’s not always the same.
Past tense is the most common use (that I can think of) “The prices varied depending on the day”. It often sounds more natural to use various as an adjective.

various 和 different

various表示“各种各样的”“各不相同的”等，主要指彼此不同且种类繁多，强调“异”且“多”（重点在多）：

There are various ways of cooking an egg. 鸡蛋有各种各样的煮法。
There’s been snow today in various parts of the country. 今天全国各地都下了雪。

而 different表示“不同的”，指的可能是种类不同、不相像、不一样、不是同一个等，只强调“异”，但不强调“多”：

Mary and Jane are quite different. 玛丽与简大不一样。
This is not what I want; I want a different one. 我要的不是这个，我要一个不同的。

比较：

• He gave various reasons (= a number of different reasons) for being late. 他为自己的迟到举出了种种理由。

• This time he gave different reasons (= not the same as last time) for his being late. 这次他为自己的迟到举出了不同的理由。

由于various不仅强调“异”而且强调“多”，所以其后接的名词通常用复数；而different强调的只是“异”而不是“多”，所以其后的名词可以是单数或复数。

various

various : 通常强调种类的数目。

• We had various problems on our journey, including a flat tyre.
  我们在旅途中遇到了各种各样的问题，包括轮胎被扎破了。
• The author gave various reasons for having written the book.
  作者给出了写那本书的各种理由。
• Girardo was out of action with various injuries for most of last season.
  上个赛季大多数时间吉拉多都因为各种伤病而不能上场。
• Various people whom we weren’t expecting turned up at the meeting.
  形形色色让我们意想不到的人出现在了会场。

diverse

diverse : 语气较强，指性质完全不同，着重显著的区别。
Diverse indicates an easily seen difference between the things being referred to.

Ex – He is a man of diverse interests.

• people from diverse cultures
  不同文化背景的人
• My interests are very diverse.
  我的兴趣非常广泛。
• Jones has a much more diverse and perhaps younger audience.
  琼斯的观众群更为多样化而且可能更年轻。

different

different : 普通用词，强调事物间的区别或本质的不同。有时侧重对比，不着重差别。
Different is opposite of alike and thus it applies to things that are not alike. It stresses on individuality.

Ex – The crime was witnessed by five different people.

• She seems to wear something different every day.
  她似乎每天都穿不一样的衣服。
• He’s different now that he’s been to college.
  他现在上了大学，与以前不一样了。
• We’re reading a different book this week.
  这周我们在读另一本书。
• Emily is very/completely/entirely different from her sister.
  埃米莉与她姐姐截然不同。
• Emily and her sister are completely different.
  埃米莉和她姐姐完全不同。
• There are many different types/kinds of bacteria.
  细菌有很多不同的种类。

diverse

Diverse is an adjective which means there is a wide range and variation, and it’s most commonly used to refer to the number of different nationalities.
A country IS diverse.

diversity

Diversity is the state of being diverse, so it is the noun.

diversified

Diversified means diversity has occurred, it’s the past tense of “to diversify”.
“The company diversified it’s product range to make more profit”.

Divergent

Divergent suggests that the things are diverging, that is, going in different directions. Thus it indicates a difference which will only increase with time.

Ex – As they lived apart their hobbies became divergent.

Distinct

Distinct suggests different identity, although the things might be similar in other ways.

Ex – I can easily recognize the distinct smell of those flowers.

Dissimilar

Dissimilar is opposite of similar and thus it stresses on absence of similarity.

Ex – How can you confuse between such dissimilar watches.

Disparate

Disparate stresses absence of any relationship between the things being compared.

Ex – While some people say that people are similar, others say that people are disparate.

https://hinative.com/zh-CN/questions/2212979
https://www.tjxz.cc/10691