基于单片机的自动门设计

摘要

随着智能化技术在公共设施领域的普及，自动门因能提升通行效率与便捷性，成为商场、办公楼等场所的常用设备。传统自动门存在感应不灵敏、防夹功能缺失、控制方式单一等问题，可能带来通行不便或安全隐患。因此，研发一款集智能感应、安全防护与多元控制于一体的自动门系统具有重要现实意义。

本设计提出一种基于 STC89C52 单片机的自动门系统。系统核心功能包括：通过 HC-R04 超声波传感器检测前方人员距离，当距离小于设定最小值时自动开门，延时 5 秒后自动关门；采用分离式红外对射管实现防夹功能，避免关门时夹伤人员；通过 ULN2003A 驱动模块控制四相五线步进电机模拟门体开合动作；配备按键模块，可设置感应距离最小值及实现门体急停控制；通过 LCD1602 显示屏实时显示检测的距离值；集成 ECBO2 蓝牙模块，将检测数据上传至手机端，同时支持手机远程控制门的开关状态。

该系统的作用在于提升自动门的智能化水平与安全性。超声波感应与自动开关功能减少了手动操作，提高通行效率；防夹功能通过红外对射实时监测，保障人员安全；按键与蓝牙远程控制结合，满足不同场景下的操作需求；距离显示功能增强系统交互性与可控性。整体设计以 STC89C52 单片机为核心，硬件结构简洁，运行稳定，为公共场所的自动化通行管理提供了经济实用的解决方案。

关键词：单片机；自动门；超声波感应；防夹功能；蓝牙控制

Design of Automatic Door Based on Single Chip Microcomputer

Abstract

With the popularization of intelligent technology in the field of public facilities, automatic doors have become a commonly used equipment in shopping malls, office buildings, and other places due to their ability to improve traffic efficiency and convenience. Traditional automatic doors have problems such as insensitive sensing, lack of anti pinch function, and single control mode, which may bring inconvenience or safety hazards to passage. Therefore, developing an automatic door system that integrates intelligent sensing, safety protection, and multiple controls is of great practical significance.

This design proposes an automatic door system based on STC89C52 microcontroller. The core functions of the system include: detecting the distance of personnel ahead through HC-R04 ultrasonic sensors, automatically opening the door when the distance is less than the set minimum value, and automatically closing the door after a 5-second delay; Using a separated infrared collimator to achieve anti pinch function, avoiding personnel injury when closing the door; Control the four phase five wire stepper motor to simulate the door opening and closing action through the ULN2003A driver module; Equipped with a button module, it can set the minimum sensing distance and achieve emergency stop control of the door body; Real time display of detected distance values through LCD1602 display screen; Integrate ECBO2 Bluetooth module, upload detection data to mobile phone, and support remote control of door opening and closing status from mobile phone.

The purpose of this system is to enhance the intelligence and safety of automatic doors. Ultrasonic induction and automatic switch function reduce manual operation and improve traffic efficiency; The anti pinch function is monitored in real-time through infrared radiation to ensure personnel safety; Combining buttons with Bluetooth remote control to meet operational needs in different scenarios; The distance display function enhances the system's interactivity and controllability. The overall design is centered around the STC89C52 microcontroller, with a simple hardware structure and stable operation, providing an economical and practical solution for automated traffic management in public places.

Keywords：microcontroller; Automatic Door; Ultrasonic induction; Anti pinch function; Bluetooth control