Spring Boot 概述

Spring Boot 是一个基于 Spring 框架的开源 Java 开发框架，旨在简化 Spring 应用的初始搭建和开发过程。它通过自动配置、起步依赖和嵌入式服务器等特性，显著减少了配置工作量，使开发者能够快速构建独立运行的、生产级的应用程序。

核心特性

自动配置：根据项目依赖自动配置 Spring 和应用库，无需手动编写大量配置。
起步依赖：通过预定义的依赖组合（如spring-boot-starter-web）简化依赖管理。
嵌入式服务器：内置 Tomcat、Jetty 或 Undertow，无需单独部署 WAR 文件。
Actuator：提供生产级监控和管理功能，如健康检查、指标收集等。

快速入门示例

以下是一个简单的 Spring Boot 应用代码结构：

1. Maven 依赖配置（pom.xml）

<parent> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId> <version>3.1.0</version> </parent> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId> </dependency> </dependencies>

1. 主启动类

@SpringBootApplication public class DemoApplication { public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(DemoApplication.class, args); } }

1. 控制器示例

@RestController public class HelloController { @GetMapping("/hello") public String sayHello() { return "Hello, Spring Boot!"; } }

常用注解

• @SpringBootApplication：标记主类，组合了@Configuration、@EnableAutoConfiguration和@ComponentScan。
• @RestController：标记 RESTful 控制器，返回数据而非视图。
• @GetMapping/@PostMapping：定义 HTTP 请求映射。

配置文件

默认使用application.properties或application.yml配置应用参数，例如：

server.port=8081 spring.datasource.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mydb

扩展功能

• 数据库集成：通过spring-boot-starter-data-jpa或spring-boot-starter-jdbc简化数据库操作。
• 安全控制：集成 Spring Security（spring-boot-starter-security）。
• 测试支持：提供@SpringBootTest进行集成测试。

Spring Boot 的模块化设计和丰富的生态使其成为现代 Java 微服务开发的首选框架。

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