安装必要的驱动和工具
KingbaseES提供了Python的适配驱动psycopg2或kingbase-python。推荐使用psycopg2,因其兼容PostgreSQL协议且社区支持更广泛。通过pip安装:
pip install psycopg2-binary若需使用官方驱动,需从KingbaseES官网下载kingbase-python驱动包,解压后运行:
python setup.py install配置数据库连接参数
连接KingbaseES需要以下参数:主机地址、端口(默认54321)、数据库名、用户名、密码。示例配置字典:
db_config = { "host": "127.0.0.1", "port": "54321", "database": "test_db", "user": "system", "password": "your_password" }建立数据库连接
使用psycopg2建立连接并创建游标:
import psycopg2 conn = psycopg2.connect(**db_config) cursor = conn.cursor()执行简单查询验证连接:
cursor.execute("SELECT version();") print(cursor.fetchone())执行CRUD操作
创建表:
create_table_sql = """ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users ( id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR(100), email VARCHAR(100) UNIQUE ) """ cursor.execute(create_table_sql) conn.commit()插入数据:
insert_sql = "INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES (%s, %s)" cursor.execute(insert_sql, ("张三", "zhangsan@example.com")) conn.commit()批量插入:
data = [("李四", "lisi@example.com"), ("王五", "wangwu@example.com")] cursor.executemany(insert_sql, data) conn.commit()查询数据:
cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM users WHERE name LIKE %s", ("张%",)) for row in cursor.fetchall(): print(row)事务管理与异常处理
使用上下文管理器确保资源释放:
try: with conn.cursor() as cursor: cursor.execute("UPDATE users SET email=%s WHERE id=%s", ("new_email@example.com", 1)) conn.commit() except psycopg2.Error as e: conn.rollback() print(f"数据库错误: {e}") finally: if conn is not None: conn.close()使用连接池提升性能
对于高频访问场景,建议使用psycopg2.pool:
from psycopg2 import pool connection_pool = pool.SimpleConnectionPool( minconn=1, maxconn=10, **db_config )获取连接示例:
conn = connection_pool.getconn() cursor = conn.cursor() cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM users") connection_pool.putconn(conn)数据类型映射处理
KingbaseES与Python类型自动转换,特殊类型需注意:
- BYTEA类型使用
psycopg2.Binary包装 - JSON类型直接传递Python字典
示例JSON操作:
import json cursor.execute("CREATE TABLE data (id SERIAL, info JSONB)") cursor.execute("INSERT INTO data (info) VALUES (%s)", (json.dumps({"key": "value"}),))性能优化技巧
启用预处理语句:
cursor.execute("PREPARE user_query AS SELECT * FROM users WHERE id=$1") cursor.execute("EXECUTE user_query (1)", [1])使用服务器端游标处理大数据集:
cursor = conn.cursor('server_side_cursor') cursor.itersize = 1000 # 每次获取1000条 cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM large_table") for row in cursor: process_row(row)常用运维操作
备份数据库命令(需使用kb_dump工具):
kb_dump -h 127.0.0.1 -p 54321 -U system -F c -f backup.dump test_db恢复数据库:
kb_restore -h 127.0.0.1 -p 54321 -U system -d test_db backup.dumphttps://www.zhihu.com/zvideo/1992385373905654507/
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