复合句语法

复合句指的是包含两个或多个独立子句的句子。这些子句可以并列关系，也可以是主从关系，分别构成并列复合句和主从复合句。

复合句的两种主要类型
复合句可以分为两种主要类型：

并列复合句：结构简单，各个简单句平等，表达并列或递进关系。
主从复合句：结构复杂，从句依附于主句，并充当主句的某个成分。

1. 并列句

并列句 (Compound Sentence) 是由两个或多个独立的简单句通过并列连词连接而成的句子。每个简单句都具有完整的句子结构，包含主语和谓语，可以单独表达完整的意思。

1.1 并列句的结构

简单句 + 并列连词 + 简单句
例如：
- I went to the store, and I bought some milk.
- He is a good student, but he is shy.
- She loves to dance, or she enjoys playing the piano.

1.2 常见的并列连词

并列： and, also, too, as well as, not only…but also, neither…nor
转折： but, however, yet, still, nevertheless, nonetheless
选择： or, either…or, neither…nor, whether…or
因果： for, so, therefore, thus
补充： that is, in other words, for example, for instance
时间： then, when, while, as

1.3 并列句的类型

并列关系： 两个子句表达相同或类似的思想，没有因果关系。
转折关系： 第二个子句表达与第一个子句相反或对比的思想。
选择关系： 两个子句提供两个或多个选择，只有一个选择是正确的。
因果关系： 第二个子句解释第一个子句的原因。
补充关系： 第二个子句提供第一个子句的额外信息。
时间关系： 第二个子句表达第一个子句发生的时间。

例子：

The sun was shining, and the birds were singing. (并列关系)
I wanted to go to the beach, but it was raining. (转折关系)
You can have the cake, or you can have the ice cream. (选择关系)
I was tired, so I went to bed. (因果关系)
He was a good student, that is, he always got good grades. (补充关系)
I was walking down the street, when I saw a dog. (时间关系)

1.4 并列句的修饰

可以使用插入语或副词短语来修饰并列句，例如：
- He is a good student, in fact, he is the best in his class.
- She loves to dance, especially when she is with her friends.
可以使用同位语来补充说明并列句中的某一部分，例如：
- He is a talented artist, a painter, and he is afraid to show his work.

1.5 并列句中的省略规则

1. 相同主语省略

规则：当并列句中两个分句的主语相同时，且谓语动词不同时，可以省略第二个分句的主语。
例子：
- 完整句：He went to the store, and he bought some milk.
- 省略句：He went to the store and bought some milk.

2. 相同主谓省略

规则：当并列句中两个分句的主语和谓语动词都相同时，且宾语或其他成分不同时，可以省略第二个分句的主语和谓语动词。
例子：
- 完整句：He went to the store, and he went to the library.
- 省略句：He went to the store and (he) to the library. (注意：在实际应用中，括号内的部分通常省略)

3. 相同谓宾省略

规则：当并列句中两个分句的谓语动词和宾语相同，且主语不同时，可以省略第二个分句的谓语动词和宾语，通常使用助动词（如do/does/did）来替代。
例子：
- 完整句：He likes apples, and she likes apples.
- 省略句：He likes apples, and she does.

注意事项：

省略必须符合语法和语义要求，不能造成歧义或理解障碍。
在正式书面语中，省略应该谨慎使用，避免过度省略导致句子结构不清。
在口语中，省略更为常见，但也要注意保持清晰的表达。

1.6 其他并列句的使用

除了常见的并列连词外，还可以使用其他词语或短语来连接并列句，例如：

as well as: 也
in addition to: 除了…之外
not only…but also: 不仅…而且
both…and: 两者都…
for example: 例如
such as: 例如

例句：

He is a good singer, as well as a talented musician.
In addition to being smart, she is also very kind.
Not only is he handsome, but also he is very intelligent.

1.7 并列句的注意事项

并列连词的使用要准确，根据句子之间的逻辑关系选择合适的连词。
并列句的两个简单句之间要有逻辑上的联系，不能是毫无关系的句子。
并列句的语序要合理，避免出现语法错误。
并非所有并列连词都适用于所有并列关系。例如，“and” 用于并列关系，而 “but” 用于转折关系。
一些连词可以用于多种并列关系。例如，“so” 可以用于因果关系，也可以用于补充关系。
有些并列句可能包含多个连词。例如，“I went to the store, and I bought some groceries, but I forgot the milk.”

2. 名词性从句

名词性从句顾名思义，在句子中起着名词的作用，可以充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语等成分。它通常由连接词引导，并包含一个完整的句子结构。

2.1 名词性从句引导词

连接词

that: "that"是一个常用的连接词，它可以引导所有类型的名词性从句，并且在从句中不充当任何成分。在口语和非正式写作中，"that"有时可以省略，尤其是在宾语从句中。
- 例如：
  - I know that he is honest. (宾语从句)
  - The fact that he is honest is well-known. (主语从句)
  - It is clear that he is honest. (表语从句)
  - The news that he is honest surprised everyone. (同位语从句)
whether/if: "whether"和"if"都可以引导宾语从句，表示“是否”，但"whether"更适合用于引导主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句，尤其是在句首的位置。
- 例如：
  - I don’t know whether/if he will come. (宾语从句)
  - Whether he will come is still unknown. (主语从句)
  - The question is whether he will come. (表语从句)
  - The news whether he will come is still unknown. (同位语从句)

连接代词

连接代词引导名词性从句，在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语，并具有疑问意义。主要包括：

who: 指人，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。
- 例如：
  - I don’t know who broke the window. (宾语从句)
  - Who broke the window is still unknown. (主语从句)
  - The question is who broke the window. (表语从句)
whom: 指人，在从句中作宾语。
- 例如：
  - I don’t know whom you are talking to. (宾语从句)
what: 指物或抽象概念，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。
- 例如：
  - I don’t know what he wants. (宾语从句)
  - What he wants is still unknown. (主语从句)
  - The question is what he wants. (表语从句)
which: 指代特定范围内的物或人，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。
- 例如：
  - I don’t know which one he wants. (宾语从句)
  - Which one he wants is still unknown. (主语从句)
  - The question is which one he wants. (表语从句)
whoever: 指任何人，在从句中作主语或宾语。
- 例如：
  - Whoever comes will be welcome. (主语从句)
  - I will give the book to whoever wants it. (宾语从句)
whomever: 指任何人，在从句中作宾语。
- 例如：
  - I will help whomever needs it. (宾语从句)
whatever: 指任何事，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。
- 例如：
  - Whatever he does is right. (主语从句)
  - I will do whatever you want me to do. (宾语从句)
  - The problem is whatever he wants. (表语从句)
whichever: 指任何一个，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。
- 例如：
  - Whichever you choose will be good. (主语从句)
  - You can take whichever you like. (宾语从句)
  - The question is whichever you choose. (表语从句)

连接副词

连接副词引导名词性从句，在从句中作状语，并表示时间、地点、原因、方式等。主要包括：

when: 表示时间。
- 例如：
  - I don’t know when he will come. (宾语从句)
  - When he will come is still unknown. (主语从句)
where: 表示地点。
- 例如：
  - I don’t know where he lives. (宾语从句)
  - Where he lives is still unknown. (主语从句)
why: 表示原因。
- 例如：
  - I don’t know why he is sad. (宾语从句)
  - Why he is sad is a mystery. (主语从句)
how: 表示方式。
- 例如：
  - I don’t know how to do it. (宾语从句)
  - How to do it is still unknown. (主语从句)

2.2 主语从句

主语从句，即在句子中充当主语成分的从句。它通常位于句首，由连接词引导，其结构与一个完整的句子相同，但在主从复合句中，它作为一个整体来充当主语。

主语从句的常见句型

主语从句 + be 动词 + 表语
- 例如：That he is a good student is obvious.
- 解释：在这个句型中，“That he is a good student”是一个完整的主语从句，作为句子的主语，后面跟着 be动词“is”和表语“obvious”。
主语从句 + 谓语 + 宾语
- 例如：What he said surprised me.
- 解释：在这个句型中，“What he said”是一个完整的主语从句，作为句子的主语，后面跟着谓语“surprised”和宾语“me”。
It + be 动词 + 形容词/名词 + that/whether/if 从句
- 例如：It is clear that he is a good student.
- 解释：这个句型中，“It”是形式主语，用于平衡句子结构，真正的主语是后面的“that he is a good student”从句。

主语从句的例句

That he is a doctor is true.
Whether he will come or not is uncertain.
What he said is very important.
Who broke the window is unknown.
When he will graduate is a question.

主语从句的常见错误

缺少连接词
- 错误示例：He is a doctor is true.
- 正确写法：That he is a doctor is true.
- 解释：在主语从句中，必须有一个连接词来引导从句，否则句子会显得不完整。
语序错误
- 错误示例：Is he a good student is* obvious.*
- 正确写法：That he is a good student is obvious.
- 解释：主语从句必须保持陈述句的语序，即主语+谓语+其他成分，而不是疑问句的语序。

额外说明

主语从句的完整性：主语从句是一个完整的句子，有自己的主语和谓语，但在复合句中作为一个整体来充当主语。
其他引导词：除了上述提到的连接词外，主语从句还可以使用其他引导词，如 which, how, where, why等，根据句子需要选择合适的引导词。
“It”作形式主语：使用“It”作为形式主语是一种常见的句子结构，用于平衡句子，避免头重脚轻。在这种结构中，“It”没有实际意义，真正的主语是后面的从句。

2.3 宾语从句

宾语从句，在句子中充当宾语成分的从句。它通常位于及物动词或介词之后，并由连接词引导，其结构与一个完整的句子相同，但在宾语从句中它并没有独立的主语和谓语，而是作为整个句子的一个部分。

宾语从句的常见句型

动词 + 宾语从句
- 例如：I know that he is a good student.
- 解释：这里的“I know”是主句，“that he is a good student”是宾语从句，作为“know”的宾语。
介词 + 宾语从句
- 例如：I am worried about whether he will come.
- 解释：在“I am worried about”这个介词短语中，“whether he will come”是宾语从句，作为“about”的宾语。
动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语（宾语从句）
- 例如：I told him that he should study hard.
- 解释：“him”是间接宾语，“that he should study hard”是直接宾语（宾语从句），共同作为“told”的宾语。

宾语从句的例句

I know that he is a doctor.
I don’t know whether he will come or not.
I know what he said.
I know who broke the window.
I know where he lives.

宾语从句的常见错误

缺少连接词
- 错误示例：I know he is a good student.
- 正确写法：I know that he is a good student.
- 解释：宾语从句需要一个连接词来连接主句和从句，尽管陈述句且简短的宾语从句有时可以省略“that”，但在正式文体中为了避免歧义或强调从句内容，建议保留“that”。
语序错误:
- 错误示例：I know is he a good student.
- 正确写法：I know that he is a good student.
- 解释：宾语从句的语序应该是陈述句的语序，即主语+谓语+其他成分，而不是疑问句的语序。

额外说明

宾语从句的独立性：尽管宾语从句是一个完整的句子结构，但它不能独立存在，必须依赖于主句。
连接词的选择：连接词的选择取决于从句的内容和主句的需要，如“that”用于陈述事实，“whether”用于表示不确定性等。
宾语从句与定语从句的区别：宾语从句和定语从句都跟在某个词后面，但宾语从句是句子成分（宾语），而定语从句是修饰某个名词或代词的句子成分（定语）。

2.4 表语从句

表语从句，即在句子中充当表语成分的从句，通常位于系动词之后，用于解释或说明主语的性质、状态或特征。

表语从句的常见句型

主语 + 系动词 + 表语从句
- 例如：The truth is that he is a good student.
- 解释：在这个句型中，“that he is a good student”是一个完整的表语从句，用于解释说明主语“The truth”的内容。

表语从句的例句

The problem is that I don’t know the answer.
The question is whether he will come or not.
His concern is where he left his keys.
My impression is how well she plays the piano.
The reason for his absence is that he is ill.

表语从句的常见错误

缺少连接词
- 错误示例：The problem is I don’t know the answer.
- 正确写法：The problem is that I don’t know the answer.
- 解释：表语从句如果是一个完整的句子，通常需要由连接词（如that）引导。
语序错误
- 错误示例：The question is will he come or not.
- 正确写法：The question is whether he will come or not.
- 解释：表语从句应保持陈述句的语序，即主语+谓语+其他成分。
误用连接词
- 错误示例：The reason for his success is because he works hard.
- 正确写法：The reason for his success is that he works hard. (或 He succeeds because he works hard.)
- 解释：“because”通常用于引导原因状语从句，而不是表语从句。在表语从句中，通常使用“that”或省略连接词。

额外说明

表语从句的完整性：表语从句作为一个完整的句子，拥有自己的主语和谓语，用于对主句中的主语进行解释或说明。
其他引导词：除了that外，表语从句还可以使用其他连接词，如whether、what、where、how等，根据句子需要选择合适的引导词。
“to do”结构：虽然“to do”结构不是从句，但它经常在句子中充当表语，表示主语的目的、打算或计划等。例如：“My dream is to become a teacher”。

2.5 同位语从句

同位语从句，顾名思义，在句子中充当同位语成分的从句。它通常位于名词之后，用以解释说明该名词的具体内容，并由连接词引导，其结构与一个完整的句子相同，只是它没有独立的谓语。

同位语从句的常见句型

名词 + 连接词 + 同位语从句
- 例如：The news that he won the lottery surprised everyone.
- 解释：在这个句型中，“The news”是名词，“that he won the lottery”是同位语从句，用于解释说明“The news”的具体内容。
名词短语 + 连接词 + 同位语从句
- 例如：The fact that he is honest is well-known.
- 解释：在这个句型中，“The fact”是名词短语，“that he is honest”是同位语从句，用于解释说明“The fact”的具体内容。
代词（如idea, belief, suggestion等） + 连接词 + 同位语从句
- 例如：I have no idea whether he will come.
- 解释：在这个句型中，“I have no idea”中的“idea”是代词，“whether he will come”是同位语从句，用于补充说明“idea”的具体内容。

同位语从句的例句

The news that he won the lottery surprised everyone.
The fact that he is honest is well-known.
The question of how he accomplished such a feat remains unanswered.
My belief that hard work pays off has always been true.
She expressed her concern that the project might fail.

同位语从句的常见错误

缺少连接词
- 错误示例：The news he won the lottery surprised everyone.
- 正确写法：The news that he won the lottery surprised everyone.
- 解释：在同位语从句中，连接词是必需的，用以连接主句和从句，使句子结构完整。
语序错误
- 错误示例：The news is he won the lottery surprised everyone.
- 正确写法：The news that he won the lottery surprised everyone.
- 解释：同位语从句应保持陈述句的语序，即主语+谓语+其他成分，而不是其他语序。
混淆同位语从句和定语从句
- 错误示例：The book which you read is interesting. (这是定语从句)
- 解释：此句是定语从句，不是同位语从句。同位语从句解释说明前面的名词内容，而定语从句则限定或修饰前面的名词。

额外说明

同位语从句的完整性：同位语从句是一个完整的句子，有自己的主语和谓语，但在复合句中作为一个整体来补充说明前面的名词或名词短语。
连接词的选择：同位语从句的连接词选择取决于从句的具体内容和语境，如 that 用于引导表示事实的同位语从句，而 whether 用于引导表示疑问的同位语从句。
“It”作形式主语与同位语从句的区别：虽然有时“It”可以作形式主语来平衡句子结构，但同位语从句与“It”作形式主语的句子结构不同。同位语从句直接跟在所解释的名词之后，而“It”作形式主语的句子中，“It”后面通常有“is/was”等 be动词，并跟随一个that引导的同位语从句。

3. 定语从句

定语从句，顾名思义，在句子中起着形容词的作用，修饰名词或代词。它通常位于被修饰词之后，由关系代词或关系副词引导，并在从句中充当一定的成分。

3.1 定语从句的分类

根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。

限制性定语从句: 限制先行词的范围，是先行词不可缺少的组成部分，没有逗号隔开。
非限制性定语从句: 对先行词起补充说明作用，是先行词的附加成分，用逗号隔开。

3.2 定语从句的构成

定语从句由关系词引导，关系词通常有以下几种：

关系代词: who, whom, whose, which, that
关系副词: when, where, why

关系代词和关系副词在句中充当不同的成分：

关系代词: 在定语从句中充当主语、宾语或定语。
关系副词: 在定语从句中充当状语，分别指时间、地点和原因。

3.3 关系代词和关系副词的选择

that: 可以指人或物，可以用在限制性定语从句中，但不能用在非限制性定语从句中。
which: 可以指物，可以用在限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句中。
who: 只指人，作主语。
whom: 只指人，作宾语。但在非正式语体中，whom 可以省略，用 who 代替。
whose: 指人或物，表示所属关系。
when: 指时间，在定语从句中充当时间状语。
where: 指地点，在定语从句中充当地点状语。
why: 指原因，在定语从句中充当原因状语。

3.4 定语从句的省略规则

关系代词作宾语时的省略
- 当关系代词（如 who, whom, which, that）在定语从句中用作动词的宾语或介词位于句末时的介词宾语时，可以省略。
- 例如：
  - 完整句：Is there anything which you wanted?
  - 省略句：Is there anything you wanted?
  - 这里 “which” 作 “wanted” 的宾语，可以省略。
关系代词作表语时的省略：
- 当关系代词 that 在定语从句中用作表语时，可以省略。
- 例如：
  - 完整句：China is not the country that it was.
  - 省略句：China is not the country it was.
  - 这里 “that” 作 “it” 的表语，可以省略。
关系副词的省略：
- 关系副词 when, where, why 通常不能省略，但当它们用于特定词语后时可以省略。
- 例如：
  - when：
    - 完整句：That was the year when I first went abroad.
    - 省略句：That was the year I first went abroad.
    - 这里 “when” 用于 “year” 后，可以省略。
  - where：
    - 完整句：This is the place where they met yesterday.
    - 省略句：This is the place they met yesterday.
    - 这里 “where” 用于 “place” 后，可以省略。
  - why：
    - 完整句：This is the reason why I did that.
    - 省略句：This is the reason I did that.
    - 这里 “why” 用于 “reason” 后，可以省略。
主谓的省略
- 在特定情况下，如果定语从句的主语与主句的主语相同，且从句的谓语是 be动词，那么可以省略从句的主语和 be动词。
- 例如：
  - 完整句：The car that is parked outside is mine.
  - 省略句：The car parked outside is mine.
  - 这里 “that is” 可以省略，因为 “that” 指代的是 “car”，且 “is” 是 be动词。

3.5 定语从句的例句

限制性定语从句:

The girl who is standing there is my sister. (关系代词 who 作主语)
I know the man whose car is parked here. (关系代词 whose 作定语)
The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting. (关系代词 that 作宾语，可以省略)
This is the place where I was born. (关系副词 where 作地点状语)
I don’t know the reason why he left. (关系副词 why 作原因状语)
The day when we met will be remembered forever. (关系副词 when 作时间状语)

非限制性定语从句:

The house, which is on the hill, is very beautiful. (关系代词 which 作主语，指代“the house”)
Tom, who is a good student, always gets good grades. (关系代词 who 作主语，指代“Tom”)
The book, which I bought yesterday, is very interesting. (关系代词 which 作宾语，指代“the book”)

3.6 定语从句的常见错误

误用关系代词或关系副词
- 错误示例：The man who car is parked here is my father.
- 正确写法：The man whose car is parked here is my father.
- 解释：应该使用whose来指代“the man”的所有格，而不是who。
关系代词冗余
- 错误示例：The book which I am reading it is very interesting.
- 正确写法：The book which I am reading is very interesting. (或 The book that I am reading is very interesting.)
- 解释：在定语从句中，如果关系代词（如which或that）作宾语，后面的动词不应有额外的宾语（如it），因为关系代词本身已经替代了先行词作为宾语。
在非限制性定语从句中使用 that
- 错误示例：The house, that is on the hill, is very beautiful.
- 正确写法：The house, which is on the hill, is very beautiful.(或 The house on the hill is very beautiful.)
- 在非限制性定语从句中，通常不使用 that 作为关系代词，而是使用 which 或者省略关系代词（如果从句较短）。
关系代词或关系副词的位置错误
- 错误示例：The car drives the person who I know.
- 正确写法：The car that I know drives the person.
- 解释：关系代词或关系副词应紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后，并引导定语从句。

4. 状语从句

状语从句，顾名思义，在句子中起着副词的作用，修饰句子中的动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较等。

4.1 状语从句的分类

根据其所表达的意义，状语从句可分为以下几种：

时间状语从句: 表示时间，通常由引导词 when, while, as, before, after, since, until, as soon as, once 等引导。
地点状语从句: 表示地点，通常由引导词 where, wherever 引导。
原因状语从句: 表示原因，通常由引导词 because, since, as, for 等引导。
目的状语从句: 表示目的，通常由引导词 so that, in order that, for fear that, lest 等引导。
结果状语从句: 表示结果，通常由引导词 so…that, such…that, so that 等引导。
条件状语从句: 表示条件，通常由引导词 if, unless, as long as, in case 等引导。
让步状语从句: 表示让步，通常由引导词 though, although, even though, even if, while, no matter how/what/where 等引导。
比较状语从句: 表示比较，通常由引导词 than, as…as 等引导。

4.2 状语从句的引导词

连接词：

时间状语从句: when, while, as, before, after, since, until, as soon as, once 等
地点状语从句: where, wherever
原因状语从句: because, since, as, for 等
目的状语从句: so that, in order that, for fear that, lest 等
结果状语从句: so…that, such…that, so that 等
条件状语从句: if, unless, as long as, in case 等
让步状语从句: though, although, even though, even if, while, no matter how/what/where 等
比较状语从句: than, as…as 等

连接词组：

as long as：只要
in case：万一
so that：以便
in order that：以便
no matter what/how/where：无论什么/怎样/哪里
even if：即使
even though：即使

4.3 状语从句的语序

一般情况下，状语从句放在主句之后。但如果要强调状语从句，也可以将其放在主句之前。

例句:

He went to bed early so that he could get up early the next morning.
So that he could get up early the next morning, he went to bed early.

4.4 状语从句的省略规则

主语一致且谓语为be动词
- 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致，并且从句的谓语是 be动词时，可以省略主语和 be动词。
- 例如：
  - 完整句：Although he was tired, he continued to work.
  - 省略句：Although tired, he continued to work.
  - 这里的“he was”被省略，只保留了“tired”。
主语是it且谓语为be动词
- 如果状语从句的主语是 it，且谓语是 be动词，那么可以省略主语和 be动词。
- 例如：
  - 完整句：If it is possible, he will go to the store.
  - 省略句：If possible, he will go to the store.
  - 在这里，“it is”被省略，只保留了“possible”。
主语一致且谓语非be动词
- 当从句的主语与主句的主语一致，但谓语不是 be动词时，通常只省略主语，而谓语变为相应的非限定动词形式（如V-ing或V-ed）。
- 例如：
  - 完整句：Although he knew the answer, he didn’t say anything.
  - 省略句：Although knowing the answer, he didn’t say anything.
  - 这里省略了“he”，并将“knew”变为“knowing”。

4.5 状语从句的常见句型

主句 + 连接词 + 状语从句
- 例如：He went to bed early so that he could get up early the next morning.
状语从句 + 连接词 + 主句
- 例如：Because it was raining, we stayed at home.

4.6 状语从句的例句

时间状语从句:
- When I saw her, I was surprised.
- While I was reading, the phone rang.
- Before you leave, please close the window.
- After she finished her work, she went home.
- Since I met you, my life has changed.
- Until I see you again, I will miss you.
- As soon as he arrived, the meeting began.
- The moment I heard the news, I knew I had to act.
- Once you’ve made up your mind, there’s no going back.
- Ever since I was a child, I have dreamed of becoming a doctor.
地点状语从句:
- Where there is a will, there is a way.
- Wherever you go, I will follow.
原因状语从句:
- Because I was tired, I went to bed early.
- Since it’s raining, we’ll stay inside.
- As the weather is so bad, we’ll have to postpone our trip.
- For I was late, I missed the train.
- Now that you’re here, let’s get started.
目的状语从句:
- He studied hard so that he could get good grades.
- I bought a raincoat in order that I wouldn’t get wet.
- He saved his money in case of emergencies.
- She closed the door lest anyone should hear.
- He spoke softly for fear that someone should hear.
结果状语从句:
- He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.
- It was such a beautiful day that we decided to go for a walk.
- He worked so hard that he became very successful.
- He studied hard so that he could get good grades.
条件状语从句:
- If you go to the party, you will have a great time.
- Unless you work hard, you won’t succeed.
- As long as you keep trying, you’ll eventually achieve your goals.
- Provided that you pay on time, you can rent the apartment.
- On condition that you promise to be careful, I’ll let you borrow the car.
- In case you get lost, call me immediately.
让步状语从句:
- Although it was cold, she went for a walk.
- Though he is young, he is very intelligent.
- Even though she was tired, she continued to work.
- Even if you don’t like it, you have to do it.
- While I understand your point of view, I still disagree.
- Whereas you like to stay in, I prefer going out.
- No matter what you say, I won’t change my mind.
- No matter how hard you try, you can’t succeed without effort.
- No matter when you call, I’ll answer.
- No matter where you go, you’ll always be in my thoughts.
比较状语从句:
- This book is more interesting than that one.
- She is as beautiful as a flower.

4.6 状语从句的常见错误

状语从句中从句结构不完整
- 错误示例：Because rain, I didn’t go outside.
- 正确写法：Because it was raining, I didn’t go outside.
- 解释：从句“rain”缺少了必要的代词“it”和系动词“was”，导致从句结构不完整。状语从句必须是一个完整的句子，包含主语和谓语，以确保句子意思的明确性。
从句与主句的逻辑关系混淆
- 错误示例：Because he didn’t study, so he failed the exam.
- 正确写法：Because he didn’t study, he failed the exam.
- 解释：状语从句和主句之间应该存在明确的逻辑关系，如因果、条件等。在连接状语从句和主句时，要避免使用多余的连词，如 so、then 等，以免混淆逻辑关系。
状语从句被错误地作为主语或宾语
- 错误示例：I like when the sun rises.
- 正确写法：I like when the sun rises in the morning.
- 解释：状语从句不能作为句子的主语或宾语。当需要描述某个时间或条件时，应该使用正确的时间状语或条件状语结构。
逗号使用错误：
- 错误示例：Although he is tired but he still works hard.
- 正确写法：Although he is tired, he still works hard.
- 解释：在状语从句中，逗号的使用要遵循语法规则。在连接两个并列的从句或句子时，要使用逗号加并列连词（如 and、but 等），而不是只使用逗号。